?????

????? ?
City of Philadelphia
????? ?; City of Philadelphia
	?????? ?????
??	??
	????? ? class=notpageimage\| ?? 39° 57′ 00″ ?? 75° 10′ 12″? / ??? 39.95000° ?? 75.17000°
??
??	??
??	???????
?? ??	????? ?
??
??	1682? 10? 27?
??
??	349.6 km2
???	EST (UTC-5)
??
??	1,560,297?(2014?)
?? ??	4,463.1?/km2
?? ??	6,051,170?
?? ??
????	191xx
????	215, 267
????	www.phila.gov/

百度非洲大陆自贸区建设旨在进一步降低关税、消除贸易壁垒，促进区域内贸易和投资发展，实现商品、服务、资金在非洲大陆的自由流动，从而使非洲各经济体形成单一大市场。

????? ?(??: City of Philadelphia)? ????????? ?? ? ???, ?? ????? 18??? ??? ????. ??? ?? ????? ? ??? ? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ? ????.^[1] ??? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???, ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???. 2010? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? 1,526,006????^[2] 2012? ?? ????? 1,547,607??? ???.^[3]^[4] ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????, ?? ?? ?? ?????? ?? 600? ? ???? ???? ?? ??? ? ???????. ???? ?? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ? ???? ???, ??? ? 4?? ???. ?????? ??? ???? ‘??’(Philly)? ‘??? ??’(The City of Brotherly Love)? ??. ??? ?????? ??? ?? ????, ??? ??? ‘?????’? ???? ??, ??, ??? ???? ‘???’(φ?λο?)? ??, ??? ??? ???? ‘????’(?δελφ??)?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ????.^[5]

1682? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??1?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ? ??? ????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?????^[6]. ? ? ?? ??? ??? ????, ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??. 1787??? ??????? ?? ??? ????, 1790??? 10? ??? ?? ??? ????. ??? ?? ?2? ?? ????, ???? ?????. ?? ???? ??, ??, ???, ??, ?? ???, ??? ?? ????, ???, ??, ??? ???. ??? ???, ??, ???? ????, ??? ???? ???? ????. ???? ??? ?? ??, ??, ??, ????, ????, ?? ?? ???, ??? ?? ?????. ???? ??? ????? ??.^[7]

??

????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ? ????? ?? ???. 1600?? ??? ??? ????? ????? ? ??? ????. 1640?? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????. ? ?? ????? ??, ???? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??, 1674? ??? ??? ?????.

?? ??? ??

1681? ????? ?? 2?? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???. ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????. 1682? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??? 1683? ?????? ?? ??? ???.

?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?????, ??? ??^[8]? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ?????. ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?????. ? ??, ?????? ??, ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???. 1700? ??, ???????? ? 4,500????. ?????? ???? 1701? ?? ??(? ??)? ???? ?? ?????.

??? ??? ???? ???? ??, ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?????. ?? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????. 1700?? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???.

?????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??. 1723? 17? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????. ????? ??? ????? ?? 25?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ???, ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ? ? ?? ???. ????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???. 1760??? ????? ?? ??? ?? 20,000?????, ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ? ????.

?? ?? ??

1700?? ?? ???? ??? 7? ???? ??? ???? ???. ?? ???? ?? ??? ‘??? ???(????) ? ?? ??’? ?????. ? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?????. ?? ??? ??? ?? ????, ?????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???. 1774? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ? ‘?? ??’? ???? ??? ???, ????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ????? ???. 1775? 5? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?, ??? ‘?? ??’? ?????? ???? ???(??? ????? ?)?? ???. ? ???? 1776? 7? 4? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?????. ??? ?? ??? ??? ? ???? ???.

1777? 9? 26? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?, ?????? ????. ??? ??? ?????? ???? 10? 4? ???? ???? ????? ????. 1778? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???. 6? 18? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ????. ??? ?? 7??? 1783? 6??? ??? ??? ???. ? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?????.

1787? ?? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?????. ?????? 1790??? 1800??? ??? ????. 1790? ?????? ??? ?? 42,000??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???. 1793? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ????, 1812? ?????? ???.

??? ??

1800???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????, ?? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???. ??? ??, ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???. ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??, ???, ??, ??, ??, ?? ????. ??? ?? ???? 1800?? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????. ?? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????. 1814? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ? 30?? ????, ?? ???? ?? ? ?????.

1854? ? ??? ????? ?? ??? ? ??? ?? 11?? ???? ?????? ????. 1860? ??? ??? 565,529?????. 1800?? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???. 1883? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?????. 2?? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???. ?? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?????. ??? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????.

?????? ??

1876? ?????? ?? ?? 100??? ???? ?? ???? ‘??? ???’? ???. ? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????. 1800?? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ?????. ??? ??? J. ???? ??? ? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ‘?? ??’? ??? ?? ??? ?????. 1890??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ????.

1800?? ??? 1900?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ????. ?1? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????. ?????? 1880? 850,000??? 1920? 1,800,000? ???? ???. ?2? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????. 1950?? ??? ??? 2?? ? ??? ???.

?? ???

1940?? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????. ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? 100 ???? ?????. ??? ?? ? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????. 1950?? ??? ????? ??, ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????. ? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?????. ??? ? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???. 1959??? ??? ????? ? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????. ????? 1700??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????.

??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? 1950?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?????. 1964? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ? ??? ? ?? ?? ??? ????.

???? ??

1970?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ????. ??? 1976? ?? ?? 200?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????. 100? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??. 1978? ??? 1???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????. ??? ? ??? 2??? 1980?? ??? ???. ?? ???? ????? ?? 1993?? ??? ?????? ???? ?????. 1986? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?????. 1991? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?????.

1983? ?????? ???? ? ????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ????. 1985? 5? 13? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? "??(MOVE)"?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????. ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ? ???? ?? ???. ?? ????? ?? ??? ?? 140? ??? ???? ????, ?? 250?? ????? ??? ?? 5?? ????? ??? ??? ?? 11?? ?????.

??? ??

????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??. 2004??? ????? ???.

1900??? ??? 1950??? 1960??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????. ????? ????? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????. ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????.

?????? ? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????. ??? ? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ? ?????. ?????? ?? ?? ???? ????. ??? ? ???? 2000? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???. ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ? ??? ?? ???.

2001? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?????. ???? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????. ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ? ?? ???? ????? ??? 5?? ?? ???? ?????. 2002? ???? 40? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????.

2008? 57?? ???? ??? ????? ?????. 975 ??(297 ??)? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ? ??? ???.

??

??? ??
??	??	±%
1683	600	—
1731	12,000	+1900.0%
1790	28,522	+137.7%
1800	41,220	+44.5%
1810	53,722	+30.3%
1820	63,802	+18.8%
1830	80,462	+26.1%
1840	93,665	+16.4%
1850	121,376	+29.6%
1860	565,529	+365.9%
1870	674,022	+19.2%
1880	847,170	+25.7%
1890	1,046,964	+23.6%
1900	1,293,697	+23.6%
1910	1,549,008	+19.7%
1920	1,823,779	+17.7%
1930	1,950,961	+7.0%
1940	1,931,334	?1.0%
1950	2,071,605	+7.3%
1960	2,002,512	?3.3%
1970	1,948,609	?2.7%
1980	1,688,210	?13.4%
1990	1,585,577	?6.1%
2000	1,517,550	?4.3%
2010	1,526,006	+0.6%
2019	1,584,064	+3.8%
Populations for City of Philadelphia, not for Philadelphia County. Population for Philadelphia County was 54,388 (including 42,520 urban) in 1790; 81,009 (including 69,403 urban) in 1800; 111,210 (including 91,874 urban) in 1810; 137,097 (including 112,772 urban) in 1820; 188,797 (including 161,410 urban) in 1830; 258,037 (including 220,423 urban) in 1840; and 408,762 (including 340,045 urban) in 1850. Under Act of Consolidation, 1854, City of Philadelphia absorbed the various districts, boroughs, townships, other suburbs, and remaining rural area in Philadelphia County as the consolidated City and County of Philadelphia. ??: ^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14]

??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ? ???????. ?? ????? 3?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ????. ?? ??????? 1700??? ?? ???????, 1830???? 1880????? ??? ????? ????, ??, ????, ?????? ????? ? ???? ?????. 1900??? ??? ???? ?????, ???, ????, ???, ????? ? ???? ?????.

???? 1600??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ??. ?1? ?? ??? ???? ??? ? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????. ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????. ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????.

??

?????? ?????? ?? ???????. ?????? ??? 2010? ????? ??? ?? ???? 3,470? ???? ??? ???? 7??? ? ???? ????. 3,880? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ? ?? ?????? 9?, ?????? 4?? ????. ?? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? 4??? ? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??. ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? 500? ??? ??? ???? ?????, ??? ??? ??? ????? ????(Comcast), ???? ???? ?(Colonial Penn), ???(CIGNA) ??? ?? ???? ??, ??? ?? ???(Sunoco), ???? ????? ??? ???, ???? ? ? ?? ???? FMC, ????? ????? ?????????, ?? ?????? ????, ??? ?? ???? ? ??? ???.

?????? ?? ??? ????, ??, ??, ????, ????? ????????, ?? ??? ????? ???.

????

????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??. ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??, ??, ??? ????. ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????. ??? ? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??. ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???. ?????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? 2?? ???? ?? ????. ? ??? ????? ??? ??. ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??.

?????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??. ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????. ????? ????? ???? ?? ??, ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????. ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????. ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???, ??? ?????. ?? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??.

??? ?????? ?? ???? ??

???

?????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??. ??? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????.

?????? ?? ???, ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??. ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ????. ?? ????? ??? ???? ?????. ??????? ?? ???? ???? ???, ??? ???? ????. ?? ??? ?? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????.

??

????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??. ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????. CSX ??? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????. ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???. 4?? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??.

????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????, ??, ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ????.

??

??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?1? ?? ???? ????. ?? 1729??? 1766? "?????? ???"?? ??? ?????, ?? 1729??? 1766??? ?? "?? ??? ???"?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???. 1741? ?? ??? ?? "???? ???"? ??????? ?????. ??? ? ?? ?? "????? ??? ???"? "??? ?????"? ??? 1783?? ???? ?????. ??? ??????? 2?? ?? ?? "????? ????"? "????? ??? ??"? ??.

???

?????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ? ????? ???, NBA ?? ? ????? ??????, NFL ???? ? ????? ???, NHL ????? ? ????? ?????, ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??.

??

????? (????? ????)? ??
?	1?	2?	3?	4?	5?	6?	7?	8?	9?	10?	11?	12?	??
?? ?? ?? °C (°F)	23 (74)	26 (79)	31 (87)	35 (95)	36 (97)	39 (102)	40 (104)	41 (106)	39 (102)	36 (96)	29 (84)	23 (73)	41 (106)
??? ?? ?? °C (°F)	5.2 (41.3)	6.8 (44.3)	11.6 (52.8)	18.2 (64.7)	23.6 (74.4)	28.4 (83.2)	31.0 (87.8)	29.9 (85.8)	26.1 (78.9)	19.6 (67.2)	13.3 (55.9)	7.8 (46.0)	18.4 (65.2)
?? ?? ?? °C (°F)	0.9 (33.7)	2.2 (35.9)	6.4 (43.6)	12.5 (54.5)	17.9 (64.3)	23.1 (73.5)	25.9 (78.7)	24.9 (76.8)	21.1 (69.9)	14.6 (58.2)	8.6 (47.4)	3.7 (38.6)	13.5 (56.3)
??? ?? ?? °C (°F)	?3.3 (26.0)	?2.5 (27.5)	1.3 (34.3)	6.8 (44.3)	12.3 (54.2)	17.7 (63.9)	20.9 (69.6)	19.9 (67.9)	16.1 (60.9)	9.6 (49.2)	3.8 (38.8)	?0.4 (31.2)	8.5 (47.3)
?? ?? ?? °C (°F)	?22 (?7)	?24 (?11)	?15 (5)	?10 (14)	?2 (28)	7 (44)	11 (51)	7 (44)	2 (35)	?4 (25)	?13 (8)	?21 (?5)	?24 (?11)
?? ??? mm (??)	80 (3.13)	70 (2.75)	101 (3.96)	88 (3.47)	85 (3.34)	103 (4.04)	111 (4.38)	109 (4.29)	112 (4.40)	88 (3.47)	74 (2.91)	101 (3.97)	1,120 (44.11)
?? ??? cm (??)	18 (7.1)	21 (8.4)	9.1 (3.6)	0.76 (0.3)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.51 (0.2)	8.9 (3.5)	59 (23.1)
?? ???? (≥ 0.01 ??)	11.0	9.7	10.9	10.9	11.0	10.3	10.1	8.9	9.3	9.1	8.6	11.0	120.8
?? ???? (≥ 0.1 ??)	4.1	3.8	2.0	0.2	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.1	1.8	12.0
?? ?? ?? (%)	66.2	63.6	61.7	60.4	65.4	67.8	69.6	70.4	71.6	70.8	68.4	67.7	67.0
?? ?? ????	155.7	154.7	202.8	217.0	245.1	271.2	275.6	260.1	219.3	204.5	154.7	137.7	2,498.4
?? ???	52	52	55	55	55	61	61	61	59	59	52	47	56
??: ?? ????? (???: 1991?~2020?, ??: 1872?~??, ????/??: 1961?~1990?)^[15]^[16]^[17]

?? ??

???? ??? (1964?)
???? ???? (1966?)
??? ?? (1976?)
?? ??? (1980?)
???? ?? (1983?)
??? ??? (1986?)
?? ??? (1986?)
??? ???????? (1992?)
???? ????? (1997?)
??? ?????? (1999?)
???? ?? (2001?)

??

↑ Gammage, Jeff (2012? 3? 11?). “Against all odds, Philadelphia retakes No.5 spot among largest U.S. cities”. 《Philadelphia Inquirer》. 2011? 3? 17?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2012? 3? 12?? ???.
↑ “American Fact Finder”. United States Census Bureau. 2012? 5? 4?? ???.
↑ “Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania QuickFacts”. U.S. Census Bureau. 2011? 7? 16?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2013? 4? 1?? ???.
↑ Dylan Purcell and Karie Simmons (2013? 3? 15?). “Census: Phila. keeps on growing”. Philly.com. 2016? 3? 3?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2013? 4? 1?? ???.
↑ 《The popular educator》. Oxford, England: Oxford University. 1767. 776?. 2011? 7? 14?? ???.
↑ "William Penn (English Quaker leader and colonist)"
↑ 《??? ?? ?????》〈?????〉
↑ ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??, ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???
↑ “QuickFacts Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania”. ?? ?????. 2019? 4? 18?? ???.
↑ “Census” (PDF). United States Census. 2010? 8? 8?? ?? ?? (PDF)?? ??? ??. page 36
↑ Campbell Gibson. “Population of the 100 largest cities and other urban places in the United States: 1790 to 1990”. United States Bureau of the Census.
↑ “Historical, demographic, economic, and social data: the United States, 1790–1970”. Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research, Ann Arbor, Michigan. 2019? 5? 30?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2021? 1? 27?? ???.
↑ “U.S. Census Bureau Delivers Pennsylvania's 2010 Census Population Totals, Including First Look at Race and Hispanic Origin Data for Legislative Redistricting”. 2011? 3? 12?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2017? 1? 24?? ???.
↑ “Census: Phila. keeps on growing”. 《philly.com》. Interstate General Media, LLC. 2013? 3? 14?. 2013? 3? 19?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2013? 7? 6?? ???.
↑ “Summary of Monthly Normals 1991–2020”. ?? ?????. 2021? 6? 13?? ???.
↑ “WMO Climate Normals for PHILADELPHIA/INT'L ARPT PA 1961–1990”. ?? ?????. 2020? 7? 18?? ???.
↑ “NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data”. ?? ?????. 2012? 3? 5?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2016? 4? 13?? ???.

???

?? ??

????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????.

(??) ?? ????

[largest_cities-1] Gammage, Jeff (2012? 3? 11?). “Against all odds, Philadelphia retakes No.5 spot among largest U.S. cities”. 《Philadelphia Inquirer》. 2011? 3? 17?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2012? 3? 12?? ???.

[population-2] “American Fact Finder”. United States Census Bureau. 2012? 5? 4?? ???.

[3] “Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania QuickFacts”. U.S. Census Bureau. 2011? 7? 16?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2013? 4? 1?? ???.

[4] Dylan Purcell and Karie Simmons (2013? 3? 15?). “Census: Phila. keeps on growing”. Philly.com. 2016? 3? 3?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2013? 4? 1?? ???.

[5] 《The popular educator》. Oxford, England: Oxford University. 1767. 776?. 2011? 7? 14?? ???.

[6] "William Penn (English Quaker leader and colonist)"

[7] 《??? ?? ?????》〈?????〉

[8] ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??, ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???

[Pop_Estimate-9] “QuickFacts Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania”. ?? ?????. 2019? 4? 18?? ???.

[10] “Census” (PDF). United States Census. 2010? 8? 8?? ?? ?? (PDF)?? ??? ??. page 36

[11] Campbell Gibson. “Population of the 100 largest cities and other urban places in the United States: 1790 to 1990”. United States Bureau of the Census.

[12] “Historical, demographic, economic, and social data: the United States, 1790–1970”. Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research, Ann Arbor, Michigan. 2019? 5? 30?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2021? 1? 27?? ???.

[13] “U.S. Census Bureau Delivers Pennsylvania's 2010 Census Population Totals, Including First Look at Race and Hispanic Origin Data for Legislative Redistricting”. 2011? 3? 12?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2017? 1? 24?? ???.

[14] “Census: Phila. keeps on growing”. 《philly.com》. Interstate General Media, LLC. 2013? 3? 14?. 2013? 3? 19?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2013? 7? 6?? ???.

[NOAA-txt-Phily1991-15] “Summary of Monthly Normals 1991–2020”. ?? ?????. 2021? 6? 13?? ???.

[noaasun-Phily1961-16] “WMO Climate Normals for PHILADELPHIA/INT'L ARPT PA 1961–1990”. ?? ?????. 2020? 7? 18?? ???.

[PhillyNOAA-17] “NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data”. ?? ?????. 2012? 3? 5?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2016? 4? 13?? ???.

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[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

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