专题:分析解读海南12个产业发展现状、未来布局
??? ??(fast food)? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??? ? ????. ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? (???) ?? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????. ??? ??? ?? ???, ???, ?? ??? ? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????. 2018? ? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ? 5,700? ??? ?????.[1] but ????? ?? ???
?? ?? ??? "??? ??"? ?? ??? ???, ?? ??? ? ? ?? ???. ????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ???, ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??(??? ?? ??, ?? ??? ??, ?? ????? ?? ?? ??? ? ?? ?? ?)? ????, ??? ????? ???? ??? ? "??? ??" ????.
??? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ????. ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ? ?? ??? ?? ???????[2], ??? ?? ??(???? ????? ???)? ? ??.[3] ????? ??? ?? ??? ???, ?? ???? ? ???? ???? ??? ????.[4]
?? ??? ??? ?? ??, ??, ?? ? ???? ?? ??? ??.[5] ??? ?? ??? ???? ??, ???, ???, ????????, ??? ??? ?? ? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??.[6][7][8][9] ??? ????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????, ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????.[10]
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[??]?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??. ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ????. ??, ?? ??? ???? ? ??? ????? ??? ? ? ???. ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???. ?? ????? ???? ?? ?? ??? "?? ?? ??? ??? ? ??"? ????.[11]
??? ?? ????? ??? ? ?? ??? ??? ??(?: ??? ??)? ????? ?????. ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??(?: ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???)? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??(???? "??? ??" ????? ???? ?? ??). ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ? ???? ?? ???? ???.[12]
?2? ?? ?? ? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ? ?? ???? ? ?? ???? ????. ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????, ?? ??? ??? ? ??? ??? ????. ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???, ? ???? ??? ???. ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????. ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??. ? ??, ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???, 2013? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?? 47?, ??? ?? ?? 19?? ?? ??? ????.[13]
??? ?? ???
[??]?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????. ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ? ? ?? ?? ??? ??.[14] ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???, ???? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???.[15] ?????? 12?? ????? ?? ??, ??, ?? ?? ??? ????, ? ?? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????.[16] ????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??, ??? ??, ??? ?? ?? ??? ????.[17] ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??, ???, ???? ???, ??, ???, ????, ??? ?? ? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???. ?? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?? ? ???? ?? 1? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??. ??? ?? ????? ??, ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????. ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?????.[18]
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???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ? ?? ????? '??? ??'? ?? ?? ?? ?? ???? ???, ?? ??? ?? ??? ?????. ? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?????.[19] 19?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? 1860? ? ??? ?????.[20]

??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????.[20] ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???.[20] ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? 19?? ?? ???? ??? ?????.[21] 1910??? ?? ??? 25,000? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???, 1920???? 35,000? ??? ??? ???.[22] ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? 1928? ?????? ????? ? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???. 1952? ?? ?? ? ??? 10,000??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???.[23]
?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???. ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???, ?? ?????? ? ???? ?? ?? ? ???. ??? ?? ??? ???? ?????, ??? (? ?) ?? ??? ?? ?????. ?2? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ? ?? ?????.[24] ??? ??, ???, ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?????. ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????.
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?1? ?? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????. 1921? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? 5??? ??? ??? ??? ??.[25] ?? ???? 1916? ???? ? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??, ?? ??, ??? ??, ?? ??? ??? ????.[26] ??? ??? ?? ? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ? ? ??? ? ????. ??? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?????.
A&W ?? ??? 1921?? ??? ??? ??? ????????? ????? ??? ????. ??? ???? 1930?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ???, ??, ??? ????? ?????.[26]
1920?? ??? ?? ???? ?????, 1940??? ???? ??????? ????? ??????.[27]
??? ???? ?? ? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???, ?? ??? ???? 100? ??? ??? ??? ??. 2018? ?? ???? ? 540? ?? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ? ??? ??? ???? ??.[28] ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????. ??? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??, ????? ??? ????.[29] ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ? ? ??? ???. ?? ?? ???????? ??, ??? ??? ??????? ?? ? ? 45%? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ????. ?? ?? ?????? (???????)??? ??? ??? 16%? ????.[30]
2023? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? 22????, ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ? 3?? 1? ????.[31]
?? ? ??
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??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????. ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ? ?? "??????" ???? ????. ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??. IT ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ? ?? ???.
?? ???? ??? ??? "?? ?"? ?? ? ??? ??????, ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ???. ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??, ????, ??, ???, ???? ??, ????, ??? ?, ?? ??, ??, ??, ???, ?????? ?????, ?? ??? ???? ??, ?? ??, ???? ?? "??" ??? ????.
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[??]?? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????, ??, ??? ??? ????. ??? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ????, ?? ??? ? ?? ?????? ??? ??. ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ? ?? ??? ??, ????, ??? ?? ?? ??? ????. ???? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ? ??.
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[??]???? ??? ??? ? ???? ?? ? ???, ?? ??, ???, ??? ?? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????. ???? ??? ??? ? ?? ???, ?? ??? ???, ?? ? ??? ??, ?? ?? ?? ??. ??-?? ???(?????? ???)? ??? ??? ????. ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????.
?? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ? ??. ????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????. ?? ?????? ????? ??? ????, ?? ??? ????? ???, ??? ???, ?? ??? "?? ??"? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?????. ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ? ?? ??? ? ? ??.
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??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ????. ?, ?? ??? ???? ?? ? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????.[32] ????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??, ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????. ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ?????(????? ????? ?? ? ????) ????. ? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????. ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ? ?? ??? ???? ? ????.
???, ???, ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?????.
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?? ?????/????? ??? ?? ???, ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??. ??? ????? ?? ??? ??(?? ?? ??? ??)? ???? ????. ???? ??? ??, ?, ?? ??? ? ????. ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??, ??? ?? ?????? ??. ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??, ??? ??? ???? ?? ? ??. ?? ??? ? ??? ?? ?? ?????, ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??. ?????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?? ?? ? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??.

??? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??. ???? ??? ??? ??? ? ??? ??? (??? ??? ??? ??? ????) ????? ??? ???? ?? ? ??? ???? ??(?? ??)? ???, ???? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?(?? ??)? ?? ?? ??? ????. ??? ?? ??, ???, ??? ?? ??? ????.

??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ????, ?? ????? ????, ??? ??, ???, ???? ??. ?? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? 2???.[33] ???? ?????? ??? ? ????? ????? ???, ?? ??? ????.
?? ??? ??, ?? ????? ????? ? ??? ?? ??? ? ????. ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????. ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???. ?? ??? ? ??, ?? ??, ????, ????? ??? ? ???, ????? ????? ? ???.
?? ?? ?? ??? ??, ??, ?????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ? ????. ??? ???? ?? ? ?????, ? ???? ????? ?? ????.[34]

????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??. ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? (??? ?? ????? ?)?? ????. ????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???????. ??? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??????, ??????? ??? ??? "????"?? ???. ??? ? ?? met (????? "??")?? ??? ???. ?? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??("??"), ?????? ?? ??("????" ?? "????") ?? ????? ??. ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ????? ???, ?? ??? ?? ????(??): ????, (??) ??, ?? ??; ??? ????(????? "??"): ????? ?? ??(??? ??? ?? ??? ??). ?? ??? ????? ? ???? ????. ???? ???? (?? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?? ?? ???)? ??? (???? ?? ? ??? ?? ??)? ????.


?????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??. ?? ?? ?? ????? ??? ???(???? ??? ?? ?? ?), ?????, ????? ????, ?????(??? ?? ???? ????), ????(?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??) ?? ??. ??? ??? ??? ?? ????(???? ?????? ??)? ?? ????, ???? ?? ?? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????.
??? ?? ??? ??? ? ??? ????? ?????? ???, ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????, ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ????? ? ??? ??. ? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??. 1969?? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ? ?? ??? ?? "?????"? ???? ???? ???? ??? 46? ??? ??.
???? ??? ??? ?? ????. ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???. ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??, ?? ??, ?? ?? ?? ??. ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??(???? ???? ?? ??? ? ??? ???? ? ?).
??
[??]???? ????? 2012?? ??? ??? 1,600? ??? ????(1970? 60? ???? ??).[35][36] 2013? ??? ?? ??? ? ?? ???? 6,605? ????.[37] ??? ??? ? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??.[38] ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????.[39] ???? ??? ?? ??? ?????, ? ???? "? ?? ? ? ?? '??? ? ?'" ???? ???? ?? ????.[39]
?? ???? ?????, ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ????. ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????.[40] ?????? ? ?, ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???, ??? ?? ???? ??? ???, ?, ???? ?? ?????.[41]
?? ??? ?? ??? 27? ?? ???(GBP) ??? ??? ???, 14? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????. ???? 17,000?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????. ??? ?? ??? ??? 6.5%? ???? ?????, ?? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????.[42]
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[??]?? ?????? ???, 2010? ?? ? 410? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?? ? ???(??? ?? ??) ??? ???? ??.[28] ?????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????. ??? 2011? 4?, ????? ? 62,000?? ?? ??? ????, ? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?????. ?? ???? 6.2%? ????.[43] 2013? ? ??? ??? ?? ??? 28???.[44] ?????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ? ??? ? ? ???, ?? ?? ???? ?? ? ???? ????.[45]
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2006? ?? ??? ?? ??? 4.8% ???? 1,024? ???? ??? 803? ?? ???? ????.[46] ????? ?? 6? ?? 126??? ??? ???? ??? ? ????? 31,000? ??? ??? ????.[47]
??? ???? ???? ??? ? ?? ??? ?? ?????. ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??. ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???, ? ??, ?? ? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????. ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???. ?????, ???? ? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????.[48] 1990? 1? 31?, ????? ????? ??? ???, ??? ?? ? ??? ????.
???? ?? ? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??.[49]
? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??. ???? 65?? ??? 11,100? ??? ??? ???? ??.[50] KFC? 25??? ??? ??.[51] ????? 2009? 5? ???? 90??? ? 39,129?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ? ????,[52] ?? ??? ? ??? 1984? 12? ???? ?? ???.[53] ???? (???)? ???? ???[54]? ????[55]? ?????. ???? 97??? ???? ???? 100? ??? ??.[56] ???? ?? ?? 14??? 278?? ??? ???? ??.[57]
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[??]??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??, ?? ?? ??, ??? ?? ??, ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ? ??? ??? ??? ????.[58][59][60][61][62]
??? ?? ??? ? ????? ???? ??. ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?????.[63] 2014? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ????, ??? ??? ??? ?? ? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????.[64] ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??.[65]
??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??.[66] ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??. ????? "?? ??? ??"? ???? ??.[66]
??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?????, ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????.[67]
?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???. ???? 56%? ?? ??? ??? ????.[68] ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ? ??? ????, ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????.[69] ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ? ?????.[70] ? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?? ????.[71]
?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????, ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ? ?? ??? ???? ???? ? ??? ??? ?? 5?? ???? ??? ????? ????. ??, ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ? 11% ? ???. ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? TV ??, ??? ??, ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??.[72]
2004? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???.[73]
?? ??
[??]??
[??]- ↑ “Fast Food Industry Analysis 2018 – Cost & Trends”. 《franchisehelp.com》. Franchise Help. 2018. 1?. 2019? 7? 16?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2019? 7? 16?? ???.
- ↑ Jakle, John (1999). 《Fast Food: Roadside Restaurants in the Automobile Age》. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-6920-4.; Brueggemann, Walter (1993). 《Texts Under Negotiation: The Bible and Postmodern Imagination》. Fortress Press. ISBN 978-0-8006-2736-2.
- ↑ “Quick Service Restaurants (QSR) Market Worth USD 577.71 Billion by 2028 at 3.65% CAGR – Report by Market Research Future (MRFR)”. 《GlobeNewswire》 (?? ??). 2021? 8? 18?. 2021? 8? 26?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2021? 8? 26?? ???.
- ↑ Talwar, Jennifer (2003). 《Fast Food, Fast Track: Immigrants, Big Business, and the American Dream》. Westview Press. ISBN 978-0-8133-4155-2.
- ↑ Hellesvig-Gaskell, Karen. “Definition of Fast Foods | LIVESTRONG.COM”. 《LIVESTRONG.COM》. 2022? 3? 2?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2016? 5? 3?? ???.
- ↑ “The link between fast food and depression has been confirmed”. 《EurekAlert!》 (??). 2018? 4? 23?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2018? 4? 22?? ???.
- ↑ “Susan Cohan Colon Cancer Foundation: Prevention: Eating Well/Diet”. 《coloncancerfoundation.org》. 2016? 10? 18?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2016? 8? 16?? ???.
- ↑ Publications, Harvard Health. “Red meat and colon cancer – Harvard Health” (?? ??). 2016? 12? 22?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2016? 8? 16?? ???.
- ↑ Bao, Wei; Tobias, Deirdre K.; Olsen, Sjurdur F.; Zhang, Cuilin (2014? 12? 1?). 《Pre-pregnancy fried food consumption and the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: a prospective cohort study》. 《Diabetologia》 (??) 57. 2485–2491?. doi:10.1007/s00125-014-3382-x. ISSN 1432-0428. PMC 4221538. PMID 25303998.
- ↑ Pan, An; Malik, Vasanti; Hu, Frank B. (2012? 7? 10?). 《Exporting Diabetes to Asia: The Impact of Western-Style Fast Food》. 《Circulation》 126. 163–165?. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.115923. ISSN 0009-7322. PMC 3401093. PMID 22753305.
- ↑ Laudan, Rachel (2001). 《A Plea for Culinary Modernism: Why We Should Love New, Fast, Processed Food》. 《Gastronomica: The Journal of Critical Food Studies》 1. 36–44?. doi:10.1525/gfc.2001.1.1.36. S2CID 154951102.
- ↑ “Ancient Romans preferred fast food”. 《ABC Science》. 2007? 6? 19?. 2015? 12? 29?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2016? 6? 30?? ???.
- ↑ Jaworowska, Agnieszka; Blackham, Toni; Davies, Ian G.; Stevenson, Leonard (2013? 5? 1?). 《Nutritional challenges and health implications of takeaway and fast food》 (PDF). 《Nutrition Reviews》 (??) 71. 310–318?. doi:10.1111/nure.12031. ISSN 0029-6643. PMID 23590707. S2CID 20897192. 2021? 9? 8?? ?? ?? (PDF)?? ??? ??. 2021? 5? 10?? ???.
- ↑ Dupont, Florence (1992). 《Daily Life in Ancient Rome》. Oxford: Blackwell. 181?.
- ↑ Stambaugh, John E. (1988). 《The Ancient Roman City》. JHU Press. 200, 209?. ISBN 978-0-8018-3692-3.
- ↑ Chang, Kwang-chih (1977). 《Food in Chinese Culture: Anthropological and Historical Perspectives》. New Haven: Yale University Press.
- ↑ Le Strange, G. (1924). 《Baghdad during the Abbasid Caliphate from Contemporary Arabic and Persian Sources, 81–82》. London: Oxford University Press. 81–82?.
- ↑ Carling, Martha (2003). 《Food and Eating in Medieval Europe》. Bloomsbury Academic. 27–51?. ISBN 978-1-85285-148-4.
- ↑ BBC (2006? 8? 31?). “Eel and pie shop”. BBC. 2008? 3? 7?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2007? 11? 24?? ???.
- ↑ ? ? ? Webb, Andrew (2011). Food Britannia. Random House. p. 397.
- ↑ “The History of Fish and Chips”. ???? ????. 2023? 6? 8?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2023? 11? 4?? ???.
- ↑ Alexander, James (2009? 12? 18?). “The unlikely origin of fish and chips”. 《BBC News》. 2017? 8? 26?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2013? 7? 16?? ???.
- ↑ "Harry Ramsden's famous original fish and chip shop faces closure after losses" ??? 1? 7, 2018 - ??? ??. The Guardian. Retrieved January 6, 2018
- ↑ BBC News (2007? 2? 7?). “How turkey became a fast food”. BBC. 2007? 12? 6?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2007? 11? 23?? ???.
- ↑ National Public Radio (2002). “The Hamburger”. ??? ??? ???. 2007? 12? 22?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2007? 11? 23?? ???.
- ↑ ? ? James P Farrell. “The Evolution of the Quick Service Restaurant”. A Management Consultant @ Large. 2008? 5? 11?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2008? 2? 14?? ???.
- ↑ Mcginley, Lou Ellen (2004). 《Honk for Service, a Man, a Tray, and the Glory Days of the Drive-in》. Tray Days Publishing. ISBN 978-0-615-12697-5.
- ↑ ? ? “BLS.gov: Food and Beverage Serving and Related Workers”. 2015? 12? 17?. 2015? 3? 11?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2016? 4? 6?? ???.
- ↑ Smith, Lindsey P.; Ng, Shu Wen; Popkin, Barry M. (2014? 5? 1?). 《Resistant to the recession: low-income adults' maintenance of cooking and away-from-home eating behaviors during times of economic turbulence》. 《American Journal of Public Health》 104. 840–846?. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301677. ISSN 1541-0048. PMC 3987573. PMID 24625145.
- ↑ ?? ??? (2007? 9? 10?). “A strict order for fast food”. 《?????? ???》. 2013? 12? 29?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2013? 12? 27?? ???.
- ↑ ?, ????; ?, ? (2024? 3? 27?). “Higher prices on the menu as fast-food chains brace for California's big minimum wage jump”. 《?????? ???》.
...labor accounts for roughly a third of a typical fast-food operator’s expenses. ... Over the years, the average age of fast-food workers in the U.S. has been rising gradually as many teens have instead sought enrichment jobs to prepare for college. The median age for fast-food workers is now 22.1, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
- ↑ Monteiro, C.A.; Moubarac, J.-C.; Cannon, G.; Ng, S.W.; Popkin, B. (2013). 《Ultra-processed products are becoming dominant in the global food system》. 《Obesity Reviews》 14. 21–8?. doi:10.1111/obr.12107. PMID 24102801. S2CID 13735684.
- ↑ Rehm, Colin D.; Drewnowski, Adam (2014). 《A New Method to Monitor the Contribution of Fast Food Restaurants to the Diets of US Children》. 《PLOS ONE》 9. e103543?. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9j3543R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0103543. PMC 4111613. PMID 25062277.
- ↑ “Federation of Fish Friers – Serving the Fish and Chips Industry – History”. 2012? 12? 18?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2015? 5? 24?? ???.
- ↑ “Fast Food Industry Analysis 2015 – Cost & Trends”. 2015? 3? 17?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2015? 5? 24?? ???.
- ↑ ???, ?? (2001). 《Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the All-American Meal》. Houghton Mifflin Books. ISBN 978-0-395-97789-7.
- ↑ “NRA Pocket Factbook” (PDF). National Restaurant Association. 2013. 2016? 3? 4?? ?? ?? (PDF)?? ??? ??. 2016? 4? 6?? ???.
- ↑ ? ??? (2008? 1? 13?). “Where to Eat? A New Restaurant Genre Offers Manhattan More Choices”. 《?? ???》. 2009? 4? 17?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2008? 12? 30?? ???.
Though still a relatively small sector within the nation's $350 billion restaurant industry, several fast-casual chains are showing success and growth in Manhattan, and industry experts say it could be a sign of the sector's maturity and sustainability nationwide.
- ↑ ? ? Kiener, ??? (2014? 10? 3?). 《Food Policy Debates》. 《CQ Researcher》 24. 2023? 5? 15?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2023? 5? 15?? ???.
- ↑ “Commodity Policy and Agricultural Subsidies”. Yale Rudd Center for Food Policy and Obesity. 2013? 1? 1?. 2014? 3? 28?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2014? 8? 18?? ???.
- ↑ ?? ???? (2007? 12? 5?). “A High Price for Healthy Food”. 《?? ???》. 2014? 8? 21?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2014? 8? 17?? ???.
- ↑ Cameron Allan; Greg J. Bamber; Nils Timo (2006? 9? 1?). 《Fast-food work: are McJobs satisfying?》. 《Employee Relations》 28. 402–420?. doi:10.1108/01425450610683627. ISSN 0142-5455.
- ↑ “It's Harder To Get A Job At McDonald's Than It Is To Get Into Harvard”. 《Business Insider》. 2011? 4? 28?. 2015? 5? 18?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2015? 5? 24?? ???.
- ↑ ???, ???? (2013? 8? 29?). “Trying to raise a family on a fast-food salary”. 《???》. 2013? 8? 31?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2016? 4? 8?? ???.
- ↑ “Fast Food Job Applications”. 2019? 8? 30?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2016? 6? 22?? ???.
- ↑ “Our Life Policy Research Notes on takeaways – The UK fast-food market” (PDF). 2013? 1? 14?? ?? ?? (PDF)?? ??? ??. 2012? 7? 28?? ???.
- ↑ “The Fast Food Factory”. 2007? 10? 12?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2008? 4? 29?? ???.
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