Узбекистан рассчитывает стать транзитером иранской нефти в Китай

???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?????(???: ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? Ma?mūd ibn al-?ussayn ibn Mu?ammad al-Kā??arī[*]), ?? ???? ?????(???: ????? ????????)? 11??? ??? ???? ??????. ??? ??? ???? ??? 《???? ???》? ?????.[1][2][3][4]
?
[??]???? ??????, ?? ??? ?????(???: ????????)?? ? ? ??, ?????? ??? ??? ???. ??? ??? 1029? ? ?? 1038? ???? ?? ???? ????, 990??? ???? ??? ??. ?? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???. ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????, ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ? ??? ???? ?????. ?? ??? ????? ???? ? ???? ‘??? ??’??? ??? ??????, ?? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???.[5]
?????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???, ?? ???? ???? ?????. 1056??? 1057??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????, ???? ??, ??? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ???. ?? ???? ??????? ????.[6] ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??, ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???.[1][4]
?? 10? ?? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???? 1072??? ? 5? ? ????·??? ??? ?? ??? ????. ? ??? 《???? ???》??, ???? ?????? ? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ????.[1][3][4]
?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????. ???? 477?, ? ?? 1085? ~ 1086? ??? ???? ????. ?????? ??? 1981? ?????? ???? 45km ??? ????? ??? ?????.[7]
???
[??]《???? ???》
[??]???? ?????? 1072??? ? 5? ? ??? ??????. ?? ??? ???? ???, 1266? 8? 1??? ??? ??? ????.[4]
? 7500? ??? ???? ??????, ????? ? ???? ? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????, ???? ?????. ?? ????? ????? ??, ??, ??, ??? ?? ??? ??? ? ?? ???, 《???? ???》? 11?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ????.[1][8]
《????????》
[??]???? ??? ?? ??. ??? ???? ???, ?????? ???? ??? ???? ????.[1][4]
??
[??]- ↑ ? ? ? ? ? ??? (2013). “???? ????”. 《???? ??》. ??. 2019? 2? 7?? ???.
- ↑ Akün, ?mer Faruk (2002). “K??GARLI MAHMUD”. 《TDV ?slam Ansiklopedisi》. Türkiye Diyanet Vakf?. 2019? 2? 7?? ???.
- ↑ ? ? ?? ??? (2009). 〈?????? ??〉. 《???? ?? ??????》. ?? ???. ????. 252?.
- ↑ ? ? ? ? ? Hazai, G. (1997). 〈al-Kās?h?g?h?arī〉. 《Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition》. Brill. 699?.
- ↑ Golden, Peter Benjamin (2015). “The Turkic World in Mahm?d al-Kashghar?”. 《Complexity of Inter Action along the Eurasian Steppe Zone in The First Millennium CE》 (Vor- und Frühgeschichtliche Arch?ologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universit?t): 504-05, 506.
- ↑ Golden, Peter Benjamin (2015). “The Turkic World in Mahm?d al-Kashghar?”. 《Complexity of Inter Action along the Eurasian Steppe Zone in The First Millennium CE》 (Vor- und Frühgeschichtliche Arch?ologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universit?t): 505.
- ↑ Golden, Peter Benjamin (2015). “The Turkic World in Mahm?d al-Kashghar?”. 《Complexity of Inter Action along the Eurasian Steppe Zone in The First Millennium CE》 (Vor- und Frühgeschichtliche Arch?ologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universit?t): 504, 506.
- ↑ ?? ??? (2009). 〈?????? ??〉. 《???? ?? ??????》. ?? ???. ????. 253-257?.